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磁铁的力量:它们如何影响我们的生活

磁铁的力量虽然看起来很小,但在我们的生活中起着至关重要的作用。它以一种无声而坚定的方式影响着我们的日常生活和工作。

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History of Magnetic Materials

Magnetic materials have a long history. Magnets were discovered in ancient China and applied to the compass. Theoretical research on magnetism began hundreds of years ago in Europe, such as FaradayScientists. Traditional magnetic materials are alloys such as Nd2Fe14B and metal oxides such as Fe12O19. According to the characteristics of their composition based on ions or atoms, they can be called atom based magnets, which are characterized by the synthesis of inorganic magnets with Metallic bonding or ion bonds at high temperatures. With the development of high-tech, A so-called molecular based magnetic material has emerged with molecules containing organic components such as Cp * as building blocks, such as [FeCp * 2] (Cp * represents pentamethylpentylC5H5 (CH3) 5). Its characteristic is that it is synthesized under low energy consumption and low temperature conditions, easy to adjust its structure and function through molecular tailoring, and easy to be compatible with biological syst

07

2023-07

Solutions for Magnets

A wide range of standard models provide a variety of pole configurations and magnetic strength, as well as lifting electric permanent magnets that meet all standards of various materials (such as thin plates, billets, thick plates, section steels, steel coils, etc.), ensuring that the Factor of safety of the ratio of the weight of materials in the normal operating air gap to the corresponding magnetic force of the permanent magnet crane is not less than 1:3.The Electropermanent magnet system is compact in design, light in weight, powerful and reliable. The electrically controlled permanent magnet technology can ensure that only one steel plate can be lifted within the effective thickness by allowing the magnetic force to enter a certain depth; It can also adopt a unique structure designed to lift multiple steel plates at a time.1. Factor of safety: 3 times (maximum pulling force/rated suction=4.5)2. It can be used in combination with a single unit, two units, or multiple units

06

2023-07

Scattered Ferrimagnetism

In amorphous alloys with two sets of secondary networks (Dy Co, Dy Fe, etc.), the magnetic moments of each atom exhibit a certain degree of dispersion relative to a specific direction. Because the total magnetic moments on the two networks are different in size and opposite in direction, a scattered Ferrimagnetism magnetic structure is formed.The reason for the existence of the above three magnetic structures is that rare earth atoms have strong local anisotropy, while the Exchange interaction of 4f electrons between their atoms is relatively weak, so the orientation of the magnetic moment has an angular dispersion, for example, the dispersion angle of Dy's magnetic moment in DyCo3 is about 140 °. However, the Exchange interaction of Co atom is very strong, so the magnetic moment orientation of Co atom is not dispersive, and the magnetic moment of Fe atom has a very small dispersion angle, thus forming dispersive Ferrimagnetism. When forming an alloy film with atoms with zero magne

04

2023-07

Non collinear magnetic structure

Neutron diffraction is the only experimental method that can directly measure the spatial orientation of magnetic moments of various magnetic atoms in crystals. Through neutron diffraction, it was found that the magnetic structures of some rare earth elements and their alloys exhibit non collinear characteristics. Figure 2 shows the magnetic structure characteristics of some rare earth elements. Each circular orbit represents a certain crystal plane, and the arrow represents the orientation of the magnetic moment or the component on the c-axis and plane.The magnetic properties of rare earth elements are derived from 4f electrons, which are localized in the inner orbital near the atomic nucleus. Therefore, 4f electrons in atoms cannot exchange directly with 4f electrons in neighboring atoms. However, 4f electrons can polarize the wandering s electrons. This polarized s electron has an impact on the spin orientation of 4f electrons. As a result, an indirect Exchange interaction between 4

04

2023-07

Collinear magnetic structure

① Ferromagnetic structure. The spatial orientation of atomic magnetic moments is consistent over a considerable area (10-4cm). W. K. Heisenberg pointed out theoretically that this is due to the Exchange interaction of electrons between atoms.② Antiferromagnetism magnetic structure. The orientation of atomic magnetic moments on a row of crystal sites (or a crystal plane) is opposite to that of their neighboring atoms. Due to the equal magnitude of magnetic moments, they cancel out each other, resulting in a total magnetic moment of zero. For example, in the case of MnO (Figure 1). P. W. Anderson discussed this problem in detail with indirect Exchange interaction. ③ Ferrimagnetism magnetic structure. It is an uncompensated Antiferromagnetism magnetic structure. Due to the unequal magnetic moments and opposite orientations of two (or more) magnetic atoms (or ions), ferrite magnetism belongs to this magnetic structure

04

2023-07

Magnet demagnetization

Generator loss of excitation fault refers to the sudden disappearance or partial disappearance of the excitation of the generator. The causes of loss of excitation include: rotor winding failure, exciter failure, false tripping of automatic deexcitation switch, damage to certain components or circuit failures in the semiconductor excitation system, and incorrect operation.Due to asynchronous operation, the Rotor machine speed of the generator is greater than the synchronous speed. Due to the slip, the stator winding current increases, and the rotor winding generates induced current, causing additional heating of the stator and rotor windings. Analysis shows that the loss of excitation of a generator can cause varying degrees of harm to the power system and the generator itself, which can be summarized in the following aspects.Hazards to the generator itself:(1) After the generator loses excitation, the leakage magnetic field at the end of the stator increases, causing overheating of th

03

2023-07

Development History of Electromagnets

In 1822, French physicists Arago and Lyssac discovered that when an electric current passes through a winding with iron blocks inside, it can magnetize the iron blocks in the winding. This is actually the initial discovery of the principle of electromagnets.In 1823, Sturgeon also conducted a similar experiment: he wound 18 turns of bare copper wire on a U-shaped iron rod that was not a magnetic rod. When the copper wire was connected to the photovoltaic battery, the copper wire wound around the U-shaped iron rod generated a dense magnetic field, which turned the U-shaped iron rod into an "electromagnet". The magnetic energy on this type of electromagnet is much greater than that of a permanent magnet. It can absorb iron blocks that are 20 times heavier than it, but when the power is cut off, the U-shaped iron bar cannot absorb any iron blocks and becomes a regular iron bar again. Sturgeon's invention of electromagnets opened up bright prospects for converting electrical energy into

03

2023-07

Principle of Magnet Formation

1. The circular coil leads to the magnetic field formed by the current(1) The magnetic field direction at the center of the coil can regard a small section of wire on the coil as a straight line, which is determined by the ampere Right-hand rule.(2) The magnetic field generated by each small segment of current on a circular coil with a current flowing through it points in the same direction within the coil, so the magnetic field inside the coil is stronger than the magnetic field generated by a straight wire current.(3) When a circular wire is fed with current, the magnetic field outside the coil is weaker than the magnetic field inside the coil due to the inconsistent direction of the magnetic field generated by each small current segment.(4) The larger the current and the smaller the radius of a circular coil, the stronger the magnetic field at the center of the coil.(5) The magnetic field lines of circular coils and circular thin magnets are similar in shape.2. Magnetic field of spi

03

2023-07

Magnet precautions

Electromagnet: A device that utilizes the magnetic effect of current to make soft iron (the inner core of the electromagnetic coil, which can be quickly magnetized and demagnetized) magnetic.(1) Insert a soft iron rod into a spiral coil, and when there is current flowing through the coil, the magnetic field inside the coil magnetizes the soft iron rod into a temporary magnet. However, when the current is cut off, the magnetism of the coil and soft iron rod disappears.(2) The magnetic field generated by magnetization of a soft iron rod, combined with the magnetic field inside the original coil, greatly enhances the total magnetic field strength, so the magnetic force of an electromagnet is greater than that of a natural magnet.(3) The higher the current of a spiral coil, the more coils it has, and the stronger the magnetic field of the electromagnet.

03

2023-07

About Strong Magnets

1. What are the types of magnets?Classification by attributes: neodymium iron boron magnet (strong magnet), ferrite magnet, Samarium–cobalt magnet, aluminum nickel cobalt magnet, iron chromium cobalt magnet.2. Which type of magnet has the best magnetic properties?The answer is neodymium iron boron strong magnets, which belong to the third generation rare earth permanent magnets and are also known as strong magnets or magnetic kings. Its magnetic properties are far higher than ferrite, aluminum nickel cobalt, Samarium–cobalt magnet, and it is the magnet with the best performance price ratio so far.3. Maximum operating temperature of magnets made of different materialsThe maximum operating temperature of different magnets varies. Generally speaking, the maximum operating temperature of a magnet refers to the irreversible loss of permanent magnet magnetism beyond this temperature. Ferrite permanent magnet 450 ℃, neodymium iron boron 310 ℃, samarium cobalt 750 ℃, aluminum nickel cobalt 850

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2023-06
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