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磁铁的力量：它们如何影响我们的生活

磁铁的力量虽然看起来很小，但在我们的生活中起着至关重要的作用。它以一种无声而坚定的方式影响着我们的日常生活和工作。

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Classification of magnetic materials 1) Organic compounds: Most of them are conjugated macrocyclic organic radicals containing unpaired electrons. The first magnetic organic compound, Galvinoxyl [1], is characterized by low density, but the ground state spin S cannot be very high, otherwise it is unstable, and therefore its magnetism is weak.The first magnetic organic compound, Galvinoxy(2) Molecular polymers: mainly low dimensional polymers such as C60 derivatives. The magnetism of such compounds may be derived from Delocalized electron, and the magnetism is also weak and not stable enough. It has been confirmed that the strong magnetism of C60 reported once actually comes from Fe3C generated during the synthesis of C60 [4].(3) Complex: It is a type of compound formed by organic ligands surrounding metals. This type of material has the characteristics of both inorganic and organic materials. As long as the molecular design is reasonable, the structure and properties of magnets can be controlled by adjusting different lig: 07

2023-07

Physical significance of magnetic materials (The magnetic component ms of the spin Quantum number s is+1/2 and -1/2, marked with ↑ and ↓ respectively) pairing without producing net spin S and the corresponding magnetic moment, so it often does not show magnetism. On the contrary, when the substance is composed of molecules containing unpaired electrons, the existence of the net spin in the molecule causes the magnetism of the substance. The magnetic moment caused by the spin of each atom or the total spin of the molecule S can be μ It is regarded as a small magnet (often called magneton). Generally, for this molecular magneto subsystem, the macroscopic magnetic moment produced by a substance containing one mole of molecules is defined as the magnetization M. When there is no external magnetic field H and high temperature T, the magneton does not show macroscopic magnetism due to its disordered orientation, but the magnetization M will increase with the decrease of temperature T and the increase of magnetic field strength H. The: 07

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History of Magnetic Materials Magnetic materials have a long history. Magnets were discovered in ancient China and applied to the compass. Theoretical research on magnetism began hundreds of years ago in Europe, such as FaradayScientists. Traditional magnetic materials are alloys such as Nd2Fe14B and metal oxides such as Fe12O19. According to the characteristics of their composition based on ions or atoms, they can be called atom based magnets, which are characterized by the synthesis of inorganic magnets with Metallic bonding or ion bonds at high temperatures. With the development of high-tech, A so-called molecular based magnetic material has emerged with molecules containing organic components such as Cp * as building blocks, such as [FeCp * 2] (Cp * represents pentamethylpentylC5H5 (CH3) 5). Its characteristic is that it is synthesized under low energy consumption and low temperature conditions, easy to adjust its structure and function through molecular tailoring, and easy to be compatible with biological syst: 07

2023-07

Solutions for Magnets A wide range of standard models provide a variety of pole configurations and magnetic strength, as well as lifting electric permanent magnets that meet all standards of various materials (such as thin plates, billets, thick plates, section steels, steel coils, etc.), ensuring that the Factor of safety of the ratio of the weight of materials in the normal operating air gap to the corresponding magnetic force of the permanent magnet crane is not less than 1:3.The Electropermanent magnet system is compact in design, light in weight, powerful and reliable. The electrically controlled permanent magnet technology can ensure that only one steel plate can be lifted within the effective thickness by allowing the magnetic force to enter a certain depth; It can also adopt a unique structure designed to lift multiple steel plates at a time.1. Factor of safety: 3 times (maximum pulling force/rated suction=4.5)2. It can be used in combination with a single unit, two units, or multiple units: 06

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Scattered Ferrimagnetism In amorphous alloys with two sets of secondary networks (Dy Co, Dy Fe, etc.), the magnetic moments of each atom exhibit a certain degree of dispersion relative to a specific direction. Because the total magnetic moments on the two networks are different in size and opposite in direction, a scattered Ferrimagnetism magnetic structure is formed.The reason for the existence of the above three magnetic structures is that rare earth atoms have strong local anisotropy, while the Exchange interaction of 4f electrons between their atoms is relatively weak, so the orientation of the magnetic moment has an angular dispersion, for example, the dispersion angle of Dy's magnetic moment in DyCo3 is about 140 °. However, the Exchange interaction of Co atom is very strong, so the magnetic moment orientation of Co atom is not dispersive, and the magnetic moment of Fe atom has a very small dispersion angle, thus forming dispersive Ferrimagnetism. When forming an alloy film with atoms with zero magne: 04

2023-07

Non collinear magnetic structure Neutron diffraction is the only experimental method that can directly measure the spatial orientation of magnetic moments of various magnetic atoms in crystals. Through neutron diffraction, it was found that the magnetic structures of some rare earth elements and their alloys exhibit non collinear characteristics. Figure 2 shows the magnetic structure characteristics of some rare earth elements. Each circular orbit represents a certain crystal plane, and the arrow represents the orientation of the magnetic moment or the component on the c-axis and plane.The magnetic properties of rare earth elements are derived from 4f electrons, which are localized in the inner orbital near the atomic nucleus. Therefore, 4f electrons in atoms cannot exchange directly with 4f electrons in neighboring atoms. However, 4f electrons can polarize the wandering s electrons. This polarized s electron has an impact on the spin orientation of 4f electrons. As a result, an indirect Exchange interaction between 4: 04

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Collinear magnetic structure ① Ferromagnetic structure. The spatial orientation of atomic magnetic moments is consistent over a considerable area (10-4cm). W. K. Heisenberg pointed out theoretically that this is due to the Exchange interaction of electrons between atoms.② Antiferromagnetism magnetic structure. The orientation of atomic magnetic moments on a row of crystal sites (or a crystal plane) is opposite to that of their neighboring atoms. Due to the equal magnitude of magnetic moments, they cancel out each other, resulting in a total magnetic moment of zero. For example, in the case of MnO (Figure 1). P. W. Anderson discussed this problem in detail with indirect Exchange interaction. ③ Ferrimagnetism magnetic structure. It is an uncompensated Antiferromagnetism magnetic structure. Due to the unequal magnetic moments and opposite orientations of two (or more) magnetic atoms (or ions), ferrite magnetism belongs to this magnetic structure: 04

2023-07

Magnet demagnetization Generator loss of excitation fault refers to the sudden disappearance or partial disappearance of the excitation of the generator. The causes of loss of excitation include: rotor winding failure, exciter failure, false tripping of automatic deexcitation switch, damage to certain components or circuit failures in the semiconductor excitation system, and incorrect operation.Due to asynchronous operation, the Rotor machine speed of the generator is greater than the synchronous speed. Due to the slip, the stator winding current increases, and the rotor winding generates induced current, causing additional heating of the stator and rotor windings. Analysis shows that the loss of excitation of a generator can cause varying degrees of harm to the power system and the generator itself, which can be summarized in the following aspects.Hazards to the generator itself:(1) After the generator loses excitation, the leakage magnetic field at the end of the stator increases, causing overheating of th: 03

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Development History of Electromagnets In 1822, French physicists Arago and Lyssac discovered that when an electric current passes through a winding with iron blocks inside, it can magnetize the iron blocks in the winding. This is actually the initial discovery of the principle of electromagnets.In 1823, Sturgeon also conducted a similar experiment: he wound 18 turns of bare copper wire on a U-shaped iron rod that was not a magnetic rod. When the copper wire was connected to the photovoltaic battery, the copper wire wound around the U-shaped iron rod generated a dense magnetic field, which turned the U-shaped iron rod into an "electromagnet". The magnetic energy on this type of electromagnet is much greater than that of a permanent magnet. It can absorb iron blocks that are 20 times heavier than it, but when the power is cut off, the U-shaped iron bar cannot absorb any iron blocks and becomes a regular iron bar again. Sturgeon's invention of electromagnets opened up bright prospects for converting electrical energy into: 03

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Principle of Magnet Formation 1. The circular coil leads to the magnetic field formed by the current(1) The magnetic field direction at the center of the coil can regard a small section of wire on the coil as a straight line, which is determined by the ampere Right-hand rule.(2) The magnetic field generated by each small segment of current on a circular coil with a current flowing through it points in the same direction within the coil, so the magnetic field inside the coil is stronger than the magnetic field generated by a straight wire current.(3) When a circular wire is fed with current, the magnetic field outside the coil is weaker than the magnetic field inside the coil due to the inconsistent direction of the magnetic field generated by each small current segment.(4) The larger the current and the smaller the radius of a circular coil, the stronger the magnetic field at the center of the coil.(5) The magnetic field lines of circular coils and circular thin magnets are similar in shape.2. Magnetic field of spi: 03

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